{"id":993,"date":"2018-02-06T12:45:23","date_gmt":"2018-02-06T04:45:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.beneplot.com\/?p=993"},"modified":"2022-01-31T12:51:48","modified_gmt":"2022-01-31T04:51:48","slug":"%e5%8d%95%e5%8f%82%e6%95%b0%e5%8d%95%e7%bb%b4%e5%ba%a6rasch%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e7%9a%84%e4%bc%98%e5%8a%bf%e4%b8%8e%e6%84%8f%e4%b9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.beneplot.com\/?p=993","title":{"rendered":"\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4e0e\u610f\u4e49"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u6458\u8981<\/h4>\n

\u76f8\u6bd4\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6IRT\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u6a21\u578b\u62df\u5408\u5ea6\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u5ea6\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u6d41\u6d3e\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u9a71\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u548c\u201c\u6570\u636e\u7b26\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u63a8\u5d07\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u51cf\u5c11\u989d\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\u5bf9\u771f\u5b9e\u6d4b\u91cf\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5e72\u6270\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u5173\u6ce8\u6d4b\u91cf\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u5bf9\u5e94\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u7279\u6027\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u88ab\u6d4b\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u95f4\u7684\u9002\u914d\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u5728\u5c06\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7b49\u8ddd\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u5929\u7136\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002<\/p>\n

1 \u5f15\u8a00<\/h4>\n

\u81ea\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u516d\u3001\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\uff08Item response theory\uff0cIRT\uff09\u9010\u6e10\u88ab\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u591a\u7684\u4eba\u5173\u6ce8\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u3002\u9488\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u7684IRT\u6a21\u578b\u88ab\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9646\u7eed\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4ece\u4e24\u5206\u7684\uff08dichotomous IRT\uff09\u5230\u591a\u7ea7\u8ba1\u5206\u7684\uff08Polytomous IRT\uff09\u3001\u4ece\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u7684\uff08One-parameter IRT\uff09\u5230\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\uff08multi-parameter IRT\uff09\u3001\u518d\u4ece\u5355\u7ef4\u7684\uff08Unidimensional IRT\uff09\u5230\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\uff08Multidimensional IRT\uff09\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0cIRT\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u91cf\u8868\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5f00\u53d1\uff0c\u9898\u76ee\u9009\u62e9\u53ca\u8d28\u91cf\u76d1\u63a7\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u6d4b\u8bc4\u3001\u5bf9\u6bd4\u53ca\u8bca\u65ad\uff0c\u7b49\u503c\uff0c\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u6d4b\u8bd5\uff0c\u8ba4\u77e5\u8bca\u65ad\u7b49\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff08\u9ad8\u4e00\u73e0\u7b49\uff0c2017;\u6bdb\u79c0\u73cd,\u8f9b\u6d9b\uff0c2015;Wuetal.,2016\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5982\u4eca\uff0cIRT\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5f80\u5f80\u53d6\u957f\u8865\u77ed\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u591a\u5143\u5316\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u529b\u6c42\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u63a8\u65ad\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u56de\u987eIRT\u53d1\u5c55\u5386\u53f2\u53ef\u4ee5\u53d1\u73b0\uff0cIRT\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d41\u6d3e\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u4ee5Rasch\uff081960\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u975e\u5178\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406a\u8bba\u6d41\u6d3e\u548c\u4ee5Birnbaum\uff081968\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u4e09\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u4e3a\u7814\u7a76\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u5178\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u6d41\u6d3e\u3002\u524d\u8005\u5f3a\u8c03\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8303\u5f0f\uff08\u664f\u5b50,2010;Bond&Fox,2015\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u504f\u91cd\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff08Hambleton&Swaminathan,2013\uff1bReckase,2009\uff09\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u5728Frederic Mather Lord\u3001Ronald K. Hambleton\u7b49\u4eba\u51fa\u8272\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5de5\u4f5c\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\uff0c\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6IRT\u6d41\u6d3e\u7684\u65b0\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u65ad\u6d8c\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u6027\u7684\u6709Samejima\uff081969\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u7b49\u7ea7\u53cd\u5e94\u6a21\u578b\uff08Graded response model, GRM\uff09\u3001Muraki\uff081992\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u62d3\u5e7f\u5206\u90e8\u8bc4\u5206\u6a21\u578b\uff08Generalized partial credit model, GPCM\uff09\u3001McKinley\u548cReckase\uff081982\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684Logistic\u591a\u7ef4\u6a21\u578b\uff08Logistic multidimensional model\uff09\u7b49\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5728David Andrich\u3001Benjamin Drake Wright\u3001John Michael Linacre\u7b49\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u7684\u6770\u51fa\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u4e3a\u9002\u5e94\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u6570\u636e\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\uff0cAndersen\uff081977\uff09\u548cAndrich\uff081978\uff09\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u8bc4\u5206\u91cf\u8868\u6a21\u578b\uff08Rasch rating-scale model,RSM\uff09\uff0cWright\u548cMasters\uff081982\uff09\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u5206\u90e8\u8bc4\u5206\u6a21\u578b\uff08Partial credit model,PCM\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5e94\u7528IRT\u524d\uff0c\u9996\u8981\u5de5\u4f5c\u662f\u660e\u786e\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4ee5\u53ca\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5408\u7684\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684IRT\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e38\u5e38\u56f0\u60d1\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u53e6\u6709\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u57fa\u4e8e\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6570\u91cf\uff0c\u6b66\u65ad\u5730\u8ba4\u4e3a\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684IRT\u6a21\u578b\u8981\u4f18\u4e8e\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u5230\u5e95\u5e94\u8be5\u5982\u4f55\u9009\u62e9\u5408\u9002\u7684IRT\u6a21\u578b\uff1f\u76f8\u6bd4\u5355\u53c2\u6570\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6IRT\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u4f1a\u66f4\u4f18\u5417\uff1f\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u5206\u522b\u4ece\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6570\u91cf\u548c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6570\u91cf\u4e24\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u51fa\u53d1\uff0c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u548c\u9610\u8ff0\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4ee5\u6c42\u7ed9\u51fa\u7b54\u6848\u3002<\/p>\n

2 \u5355\u53c2\u6570Rasch\u6a21\u578bvs.\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n

2.1 \u4e24\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/h5>\n

1960\u5e74\uff0c\u4e39\u9ea6\u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u5bb6Rasch\uff081960\uff09\u9996\u6b21\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u51e0\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u7edf\u8ba1\u5b66\u5bb6Birnbaum\uff081968\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u5305\u542b\u96be\u5ea6\uff08b\uff0cdifficulty\uff09\u3001\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\uff08a\uff0cdiscrimination\uff09\u548c\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\uff08g\uff0cguess\uff09\u4e09\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u76843-ParameterLogistic\u6a21\u578b\uff083PL\uff09\u3002\u57283PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u82e5\u5c06\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570g\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a0\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a2PL\u6a21\u578b\uff1b\u82e5\u5c06\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570a\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a1.7\u3001\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570g\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a0\uff0c\u5373\u4e3a1PL\u6a21\u578b\u30021981\u5e74\uff0cBarton\u548cLord\uff081981\uff09\u5c06\u7c97\u5fc3\u56e0\u7d20\uff08u, careless\uff09\u7eb3\u5165\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u57283PL\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u4e864PL\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u5404\u7c7b\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u6a21\u578b\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u662f\u6700\u7b80\u5355\u7684\uff0c\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n

P (X=1 | B, D) = exp(B-D) \/ (1+ exp(B-D))\u00a0 \uff081\uff09<\/p>\n

\u516c\u5f0f\uff081\uff09\u8868\u660e\uff1a\u80fd\u529b\u4e3aB\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\u6b63\u786e\u56de\u7b54\u96be\u5ea6\u4e3aD\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff08item\uff09\u7684\u6982\u7387\u662fP\uff0c\u5176\u4e2dX\u662f\u8868\u793a\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u529f\u6216\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u968f\u673a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0cX=1\u8868\u793a\u9879\u76ee\u6210\u529f\uff0cX=0\u8868\u793a\u9879\u76ee\u5931\u8d25\u3002Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u5047\u8bbe\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u6210\u529f\u6982\u7387\u4ec5\u53d7\u5230\u4e2a\u4f53\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u96be\u5ea6\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u8bf4\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6b63\u786e\u56de\u7b54\u4e00\u4e2a\u9898\u76ee\u7684\u6982\u7387\u53ea\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u88ab\u6d4b\u76ee\u6807\uff08objects\uff09\u548c\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\uff08instruments\uff09\u3002\u800c\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n

P (X=1 | \u03b8, b) =g+(u-g)* exp[ a(\u03b8-b) ] \/ (1+ exp[ a(\u03b8-b) ])\u00a0 \uff082\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e0d\u540c\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u516c\u5f0f\uff082\uff09\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570a\u3001\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570g\u548c\u7c97\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570u\u7684\u8bbe\u5b9a\u3002\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u88ab\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u9879\u76ee\u7279\u5f81\u66f2\u7ebf\uff08Item characteristic curve, ICC\uff09\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u659c\u7387\uff1b\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u4e3aICC\u7684\u4e0b\u6e10\u8fd1\u7ebf\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u9879\u76ee\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e0b\u9650\uff1b\u7c97\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570\u4e3aICC\u7684\u4e0a\u6e10\u8fd1\u7ebf\uff0c\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u9879\u76ee\u7279\u5f81\u7684\u4e0a\u9650\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u867d\u7136\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u76f8\u540c\uff0c\u4f46\u5728Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u03b8\u8868\u793a\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u7528b\u8868\u793a\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\uff1b\u800c\u5728Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u5219\u4e60\u60ef\u7528B\u8868\u793a\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\uff0cD\u8868\u793a\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n

Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u5355\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\uff081PL\uff09\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u4e3b\u8981\u6709\u4e24\u70b9\u533a\u522b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u6709\u8da3\u4e00\u70b9\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u670d\u4eceLogistic\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cdlogit\u6a21\u578b\uff1b\u800c\u5355\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u5374\u670d\u4ece\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u79cdprobit\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4e00\u7ec4\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u53c2\u6570\u503c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0cNormal Ogive\u6a21\u578b\u7684ICC\u66f2\u7ebf\u4f1a\u6bd4Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u66f4\u9661\u5ced\uff1b\u4e3a\u4e86\u5f25\u8865\u8fd9\u79cd\u5dee\u5f02\uff0cBirnbaum\uff081968\uff09\u5efa\u8bae\u5c06logistic\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u6307\u6570\u4e58\u4ee51.7\uff0c\u4ee5\u4f7f\u5f97\u4e24\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u5e03\u66f4\u52a0\u63a5\u8fd1\u3002\u65451PL\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u4e3a\uff1a<\/p>\n

P (X=1 | \u03b8, b) = exp[ 1.7*(\u03b8-b) ] \/ (1+ exp[ 1.7* (\u03b8-b) ])\u00a0 \uff083\uff09<\/p>\n

\u57fa\u4e8e\u516c\u5f0f\uff083\uff09\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5c061.7\u89c6\u4f5c1PL\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570a\uff0c\u800c\u5c061\u4f5c\u4e3aRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4ee5\u793a\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5728Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0ca=1\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u9879\u76ee\u5177\u6709\u7b49\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6570\u5b66\u5f0f\u5f80\u5f80\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u62bd\u8c61\u548c\u6700\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u5b83\u6e90\u4e8e\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u8be5\u7406\u5ff5\u6700\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u4ece\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u5747\u4e3a\u6982\u7387\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u201c\u5145\u5206\u201d\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8bbe\u5b9a\u591a\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u4ee5\u8fbe\u5230\u66f4\u597d\u62df\u5408\u6570\u636e\u548c\u66f4\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u91ca\u6570\u636e\u7684\u76ee\u6807\uff0c\u4f46\u53c2\u6570\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u8f83\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u989d\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5236\u7ea6\u3002\u800cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\uff0c\u56f4\u7ed5\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u4e0e\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4e24\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u5e94\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u4e0d\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

2.2 \u4e24\u7c7b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u6307\u6807<\/h5>\n

\u57284PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e0a\u3001\u4e0b\u6e10\u8fd1\u7ebf\u7684\u7c97\u5fc3\u53c2\u6570u\u548c\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570g\u88ab\u5f3a\u5236\u65bd\u52a0\u4e8e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u7c97\u5fc3\u548c\u731c\u6d4b\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c3PL\u548c4PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e0e\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u5f62\u5e76\u4e0d\u76f8\u7b26\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c2PL\u6a21\u578b\u66f4\u52a0\u7b26\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u5e94\u7528\u66f4\u4e3a\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u57282PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u5ea6a\u503c\u8d8a\u5927\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u8d8a\u597d\uff08\u7f57\u7167\u76db\uff0c2012;Reckase,2009;Zhang&Stone,2008\uff09\u3002\u4f46a\u503c\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u03b8\u548c\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570b\u76f8\u4e92\u5f71\u54cd\u548c\u5236\u7ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u6837\u672c\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5206\u5e03\u3001\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\u548c\u8d28\u91cf\u5c06\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u5230\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u5404\u4e2a\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u7cbe\u5ea6\uff08\u675c\u6587\u4e45\u7b49\uff0c2013\uff09\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f53\u6837\u672c\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5b58\u5728\u4e24\u6781\u5206\u5316\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u5bf9a\u503c\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u504f\u9ad8\uff0c\u800ca\u503c\u7684\u5931\u771f\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\u53c8\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\u662f\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u53c2\u6570IRT\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u503c\u5177\u6709\u6743\u91cd\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8005\u7b54\u5bf9\u9ad8\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u8981\u6bd4\u7b54\u5bf9\u4f4e\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u503c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7531\u4e8ea\u503c\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u4ee5\u53ca\u5176\u672c\u8eab\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u76f8\u5173\u6027\u4f4e\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u4ee5a\u503c\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6743\u91cd\u4f30\u8ba1\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8005\u80fd\u529b\u7684\u5408\u7406\u6027\u4e00\u76f4\u5907\u53d7\u4e89\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n

\u867d\u71362PL\u6a21\u578b\u4ec5\u6bd4Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u4e24\u8005\u5374\u6709\u672c\u8d28\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u3002\u4e0e2PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e0d\u540c\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u8981\u6c42\u6240\u6709\u9879\u76ee\u90fd\u5e94\u8be5\u7b49\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9879\u76ee\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u8bf4\u660e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u53ef\u80fd\u53d7\u5230\u4e86\u989d\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u6307\u793a\u67d0\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6837\u672c\u5b58\u5728\u504f\u89c1\uff08Wright,1992\uff09\u3002Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u65e0\u6cd5\u76f4\u63a5\u6c42\u51fa\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u503c\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u5355\u72ec\u4f30\u8ba1\u5374\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u660e\u667a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u4e00\u79cd\u7b97\u6cd5\u662f\u4f7f\u7528Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u6c42\u51fa\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u503c\u66ff\u4ee3\u539f\u59cb\u603b\u5206\u6765\u6c42\u76f8\u5173\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\u5bf9\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cWright\u548cMasters\uff081982\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u53ef\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06a=1\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e3a\u521d\u59cb\u503c\uff0c\u6c42\u5f97\u76f8\u5173\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u6570\u4f3c\u7136\u7684\u4e00\u9636\u5bfc\u6570\u548c\u4e8c\u9636\u5bfc\u6570\uff0c\u518d\u57fa\u4e8eNewton-Raphson\u8fed\u4ee3\u6765\u6c42\u533a\u5206\u5ea6a\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4f3c\u7136\u4f30\u8ba1\u503c\uff0c\u8be5\u503c\u4e5f\u7528\u4e8e\u5224\u65ad\u6570\u636e\u662f\u5426\u62df\u5408Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5728Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e0e\u9879\u76ee\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u9ad8\u5ea6\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u503c\u662fINFIT\uff08Weighted Mean-Square\uff09\u62df\u5408\u503c\uff08Wright&Linacre,1994\uff09\u3002\u5f53\u5b83\u4e3a1\u65f6\uff0c\u8868\u660e\u6570\u636e\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0eRasch\u6a21\u578b\u62df\u5408\uff0c\u4f46INFIT\u503c\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u53d7\u5230\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5b83\u7684\u5408\u7406\u8303\u56f4\u5e94\u8be5\u4f9d\u636e\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u6765\u786e\u5b9a\uff08Smithetal.,1998;Wuetal.,2016\uff09\u3002\u5f53INFIT\u62df\u5408\u4e0d\u4f73\u65f6\uff0cINFIT\u503c\u968f\u9879\u76ee\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8bef\u5dee\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff1b\u800c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u6548\u7387\u4e0d\u8db3\u5219\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4INFIT\u503c\u51cf\u5c0f\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\uff0c\u8fc7\u96be\u6216\u8fc7\u6613\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u6240\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4fe1\u606f\u6709\u9650\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4INFIT\u503c\u504f\u4f4e\u3002Wu\u7b49\uff082016\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c2PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u503c\u548cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684INFIT\u503c\u6210\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u3002Wright\uff081992\uff09\u5728\u4e00\u9879\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5c06\u540c\u4e00\u6279\u6570\u636e\u7684INFIT\u503c\uff080.8~1.3\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff09\u548c\u57283PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u503c\uff08.5~2\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff09\u540c\u65f6\u8fdb\u884c\u81ea\u7136\u5bf9\u6570\u8f6c\u5316\u540e\u53d1\u73b0\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u4e3a-.82\uff0c3PL\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u503c\u7ea6\u4e3aINFIT\u503c\u7684-3.3\u500d\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cINFIT\u503c\u662f\u7531\u9879\u76ee\u4f5c\u7b54\u65b9\u5dee\u6240\u52a0\u6743\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6b8b\u5dee\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u8ba1\u7b97\u800c\u5f97\uff0c\u800c\u6b8b\u5dee\u5f80\u5f80\u5bf9ICC\u7684\u659c\u7387\u6709\u7740\u663e\u8457\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e2a\u89d2\u5ea6\u770b\uff0cINFIT\u503c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u6027\u8d28\u76f8\u4f3c\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u7684Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u867d\u7136\u63d0\u5347\u4e86\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u62df\u5408\u5ea6\uff0c\u4f46\u968f\u7740\u53c2\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u5bf9\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u5c06\u53d7\u5230\u66f4\u591a\u989d\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u4e5f\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u7cbe\u786e\u4f30\u8ba1\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n

2.3 \u5355\u53c2\u6570Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f18\u8d8a\u6027<\/h5>\n

\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5f3a\u8c03\u6a21\u578b\u62df\u5408\u6570\u636e\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bfc\u81f4\u5b83\u7684\u5404\u7c7b\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u5177\u6709\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u6837\u672c\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u7a33\u5b9a\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u9700\u8981\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u3002Downing\uff082003\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981200\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u624d\u80fd\u4fdd\u8bc1\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\uff1b\u5e76\u4e14\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u9879\u76ee\u8ba1\u5206\u7c7b\u522b\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u7684\u9700\u6c42\u4e5f\u4f1a\u76f8\u5e94\u589e\u5927\u3002Reeve\u548cFayers\uff082005\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e24\u53c2\u6570\u7684GRM\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u81f3\u5c11\u9700\u8981500\u4e2a\u6837\u672c\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e24\u7ea7\u8ba1\u5206\u548c\u591a\u7ea7\u8ba1\u5206\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6700\u4f4e\u6837\u672c\u8981\u6c42\u91cf\u5206\u522b\u4ec5\u4e3a30\u548c50\uff08Wright&Stone,1979\uff09\u3002\u53ef\u89c1\uff0c\u5bf9\u6837\u672c\u91cf\u4f4e\u8981\u6c42\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u662fRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u9664\u4e86\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u5916\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u5176\u4ed6\u53c2\u6570\u7eb3\u5165\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5b83\u5c06\u731c\u6d4b\u5ea6\u3001\u7c97\u5fc3\u7b49\u89c6\u4f5c\u7531\u6837\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u9760\u6027\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u56e0\u7d20\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u6e90\u4e8e\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u6d4b\u8bd5\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u989d\u5916\u7684\u8bef\u5dee\u56e0\u7d20\u3002\u6b63\u5982Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8868\u8fbe\u5f0f\u6240\u793a\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u4e0e\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u5448\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u79f0\uff08symmetry\uff09\uff0c\u4e24\u8005\u65e2\u662f\u76f8\u5bf9\u7684\u3001\u53c8\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u66ff\u6362\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u5bf9\u7167\u3002\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u5206\u79bb\u6027\uff08Separability\uff09\uff0c\u5373\u9898\u76ee\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u5e76\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u9898\u76ee\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u88ab\u6d4b\u7fa4\u4f53\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5206\u5e03\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u5373\u4f7f\u4e24\u4e2a\u6d4b\u91cf\u4e2d\u7684\u6837\u672c\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u539f\u59cb\u5206\u6570\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u4e0d\u540c\u3001\u6bcf\u4e2a\u9898\u76ee\u7b54\u5bf9\u7387\u4e5f\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e0e\u9898\u76ee\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u4e5f\u4f1a\u59cb\u7ec8\u4fdd\u6301\u76f8\u5bf9\u6052\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u5177\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff08objectivity\uff09\uff08Bond&Fox,2015;Wright&Panchapakesan,1969\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u548cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u7406\u5ff5\u4e0a\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u533a\u522b\u5728\u4e8e\uff1a\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u6a21\u578b\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u529b\u6c42\u8fbe\u5230\u201c\u6a21\u578b\u9002\u5e94\u6570\u636e\u201d\u7684\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u540e\u8005\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u8bba\u9a71\u52a8\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u201c\u6570\u636e\u9002\u5e94\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u8fc7\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u6a21\u578b\u62df\u5408\u6570\u636e\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u66f4\u8d34\u8fd1\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4e5f\u66f4\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u5982\u524d\u6240\u8ff0\uff0c\u5b83\u7684\u5404\u9879\u53c2\u6570\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u6837\u672c\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5206\u6790\u5bb9\u6613\u53d7\u5230\u6709\u504f\u9879\u76ee\u6216\u6837\u672c\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u7ed3\u679c\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u4e14\u4ec5\u6709\u5c40\u90e8\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u201d\uff0c\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u8981\u6c42\u4e25\u82db\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u6570\u636e\u5fc5\u987b\u8981\u7b26\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5148\u9a8c\u8981\u6c42\uff0c\u5373\u6570\u636e\u6765\u6e90\u662f\u53ef\u4fe1\u4e14\u6709\u6548\u7684\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5185\u90e8\u5c5e\u6027\u6ca1\u6709\u53d7\u5230\u5176\u4ed6\u5916\u90e8\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\u5e72\u6270\uff08Andrich,1988,2004\uff09\u3002\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u8981\u6ee1\u8db3\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u4e25\u82db\u8981\u6c42\u5f88\u56f0\u96be\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u65e2\u9700\u8981\u524d\u671f\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u53c8\u9700\u8981\u540e\u671f\u80fd\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u4f18\u5316\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u62df\u5408\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u5982\u6b64\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u624d\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff08Objective measurement\uff09\uff1b\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u7b26\u5408Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u65f6\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u66f4\u5177\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3001\u7cbe\u786e\u6027\u548c\u63a8\u5e7f\u6027\u3002Wu\u7b49\u4eba\uff082016\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5f53\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u7684\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u6784\u5efa\u6216\u4fee\u8ba2\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u65f6\uff0c\u6216\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53ef\u4ee5\u501f\u52a9\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u6574\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u8fdb\u884c\u8c03\u6574\u6216\u4f18\u5316\u65f6\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u800c\u5728\u5904\u7406\u90a3\u4e9b\u65e0\u6cd5\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u6570\u636e\u65f6\uff0c\u591a\u53c2\u6570Logistic\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u53d1\u6325\u201c\u6a21\u578b\u62df\u5408\u6570\u636e\u201d\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u63d0\u5347\u6570\u636e\u62df\u5408\u5ea6\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u5426\u6070\u5f53\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u6709\u5f85\u5546\u69b7\u3002\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4fe1\u6548\u5ea6\u597d\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6216\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u5f80\u5f80\u6e90\u81ea\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u524d\u671f\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u548c\u5bf9\u6d4b\u8bd5\u9879\u76ee\u4e0d\u65ad\u5730\u8c03\u6539\u548c\u4f18\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u6b63\u662fRasch\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u575a\u5b88\u7684\u6d4b\u91cf\u7406\u5ff5\u3002<\/p>\n

3 \u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6Rasch\u6a21\u578bvs.\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6IRT\u6a21\u578b<\/h4>\n

3.1 \u591a\u7ef4IRT\u6d4b\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u7b80\u4ecb<\/h5>\n

\u9762\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u4e00\u76f4\u5728\u8bd5\u56fe\u5f00\u53d1\u66f4\u52a0\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u6027\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u6a21\u578b\u3002Vander Linden\uff082016\uff09\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u5c06\u5df2\u6709\u7684MIRT\u6a21\u578b\u5206\u4e3a\u4e09\u7c7b\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u9879\u76ee\u7279\u5f81\u53c2\u6570\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u51fd\u6570\u7684MIRT\u6a21\u578b\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u5904\u7406\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u6f5c\u5728\u7279\u8d28\u5177\u6709\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6b63\u6001\u80a9\u578bMIRT\u6a21\u578b\u548c\u57fa\u4e8e\u5173\u6ce8\u9879\u76ee\u7279\u5f81\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7279\u8d28\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7d2f\u79efLogistic\u51fd\u6570\u7684MIRT\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u540e\u4e24\u7c7b\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u56e0\u5b50\u5206\u6790\uff08Factor analysis\uff09\u4e0e\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff08\u5eb7\u6625\u82b1,\u8f9b\u6d9b,2010;Reckase,2009\uff09\uff0cRaykov\u548cMarcoulides\uff082011\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cMIRT\u662f\u5728\u5206\u6790\u65f6\u4f7f\u7528\u975e\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u89c2\u6d4b\u53d8\u91cf\u7684\u56e0\u5b50\u5206\u6790\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0e\u591a\u53c2\u6570IRT\u5728MIRT\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7684\u5f97\u5929\u72ec\u539a\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u57282PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u9879\u76ee\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u8868\u73b0\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u6027\uff09\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u591a\u7ef4\u5316\u7684\u9053\u8def\u4e0a\u8d70\u5f97\u5e76\u4e0d\u987a\u5229\u3002Georg Rasch\u5728\u63d0\u51fa\u5177\u6709\u5355\u7ef4\u6027\u5047\u8bbe\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u540e\u5f88\u5feb\u5c31\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u9762\u4e34\u7684\u4f1a\u662f\u591a\u7ef4\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u4e0d\u4e45\u540e\uff0cRasch\uff081961\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u51fa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u8c13\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6Rasch\u6a21\u578b\uff08Multidimensional Rasch model\uff0cMRM\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u89e3\u51b3\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0cRasch\u5728\u4ed6\u7684MRM\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u8fc7\u591a\u9700\u8981\u9884\u5148\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97MRM\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u7684Rasch\u201d\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9002\u7528\u4e0d\u4f73\u7684\u6a21\u578b\uff08Reckase,1972\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u6bcb\u5eb8\u7f6e\u7591\uff0cGeorgRasch1961\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u7684MRM\u662f\u65e9\u671f\u7684MIRT\u96cf\u5f62\uff0c\u4e3a\u73b0\u4eca\u8bb8\u591a\u6d41\u884c\u7684MIRT\u6a21\u578b\u5f00\u53d1\u5960\u5b9a\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002Mulaik\uff081972\uff09\u57fa\u4e8e\u5bf9Rasch\u7684MRM\u6539\u8fdb\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u4e86\u7b80\u5355\u7248\u7684MRM\uff0c\u4f46\u8be5\u6a21\u578b\u4f9d\u65e7\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u9002\u7528\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u662fKelderman\u548cRijkes\uff081994\uff09\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6PCM\uff0c\u8fd8\u662fAdams\u7b49\u4eba\uff081997\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u62d3\u5e7fRasch\u6a21\u578b\u63d0\u51fa\u7684\u591a\u7ef4RCML\u6a21\u578b\uff08Multidimensional random coefficients multinomial Logit model\uff09\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u90fd\u5728\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u4e86\u6743\u91cd\u53c2\u6570\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u505a\u6cd5\u4e0e\u57281PL\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\u52a0\u5165\u533a\u5206\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u5f97\u52302PL\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u65e0\u592a\u5927\u533a\u522b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u7ed3\u8bba\u4f3c\u4e4e\u662f\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u5e0c\u671b\u4fdd\u6301Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u5c31\u96be\u4ee5\u5f97\u5230\u89e3\u51b3\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u771f\u5982\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u62a5\u544a\u6240\u8ff0\uff1a\u5728\u9762\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u65f6\uff0c\u76f8\u6bd4Rasch\u6a21\u578b\uff0cMIRT\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u66f4\u4f18\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1f<\/p>\n

3.2 \u591a\u7ef4\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b<\/h5>\n

\u5728\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6027\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u5f71\u54cd\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u7ed3\u679c\uff0c\u51c6\u786e\u4e14\u6070\u5f53\u7684\u7ef4\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u987a\u5229\u5f00\u5c55\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u7ef4\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9700\u8981\u53c2\u8003\u6570\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u8bc1\u660e\uff0c\u8fd8\u8981\u6c42\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\u6a21\u578b\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u6709\u7740\u660e\u786e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u5e76\u80fd\u4f9d\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4f5c\u51fa\u5408\u9002\u7684\u5224\u5b9a\u3002\u9700\u8981\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff08Unidimensionality\uff09\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4eba\u5728\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u662f\u7531\u5355\u4e00\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u6240\u4e3b\u5bfc\u3002\u5728\u4efb\u4f55\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u90fd\u4f1a\u6709\u5404\u5f0f\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5f53\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5fc3\u7406\u529f\u80fd\u534f\u540c\u4f5c\u7528\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5c31\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5355\u7ef4\u7684\uff08Bejar,1983\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n

Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u62e5\u62a4\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u7684\u591a\u7ef4\u7814\u7a76\uff0cMIRT\u5e76\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u5728\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u4e0b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5c06\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u53d8\u91cf\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u82e5\u5e72\u5355\u7ef4\u5ea6\u53d8\u91cf\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u66f4\u6e05\u6670\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u7814\u7a76\u53d8\u91cf\uff08Bond&Fox,2015\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u4e5f\u6709\u4e00\u4e9b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u9879\u76ee\u672c\u8eab\u662f\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u6216\u662f\u7ef4\u5ea6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u5c06\u591a\u7ef4\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u5355\u7ef4\u662f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u7684\uff08\u5eb7\u6625\u82b1,\u8f9b\u6d9b,2010\uff09\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5e76\u4e0d\u6392\u65a5\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6570\u636e\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u591a\u7ef4\u6027\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u6574\u4f53\u6570\u636e\u6784\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u6027\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff08Dominant dimension\uff09\u6765\u8fdb\u884c\u5206\u6790\uff08Waugh&Chapman,2005\uff09\u3002Linacre\uff081998\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5728Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f53\u51fa\u73b0\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u6570\u636e\u504f\u5dee\uff08Residual variance\uff09\u3001\u9879\u76ee\u62df\u5408\u4e0d\u4f73\uff08misfit\uff09\u6216\u9879\u76ee\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e00\u4e9b\u9879\u76ee\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u800c\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u878d\u8fdb\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u4ee5OECD\u7684PISA\u8003\u8bd5\u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0cRasch\u5206\u6790\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7ef4\u5ea6\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u6570\u5b66\u2014\u9605\u8bfb\u2014\u79d1\u5b66\u201d\u7684\u590d\u5408\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u800c\u62df\u5408\u4e0d\u4f73\u7684\u9898\u76ee\u53ef\u80fd\u4ec5\u5355\u7eaf\u5c5e\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u9605\u8bfb\u6216\u79d1\u5b66\u6d4b\u8bd5\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6b21\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3002\u9700\u8981\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u504f\u5dee\u6027\u6307\u6807\u5230\u5e95\u662f\u6307\u793a\u6570\u636e\u95ee\u9898\u8fd8\u662f\u9884\u793a\u7740\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6b21\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u68c0\u9a8c\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u524d\u671f\u5148\u5bfc\u6027\u7684\u56e0\u5b50\u5206\u6790\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u521d\u6b65\u63a2\u660e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7ef4\u6570\u60c5\u51b5\uff08Bandalos&Finney,2018\uff1bTennant&Pallant,2006\uff09\u3002\u5728Rasch\u5206\u6790\u540e\uff0c\u5f02\u5e38\u7684\u62df\u5408\u503c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u53d1\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u6b21\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u9879\u76ee\uff08\u5355\u6615\u5f64\u7b49\uff0c2014;Christensenetal.,2017;Wright,1992\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u6b8b\u5dee\uff08residuals\uff09\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3b\u6210\u5206\u5206\u6790\uff08Principal component analysis\uff09\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u63a2\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u6b21\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff08Chou&Wang,2010;Hagell,2014;Smith,2002;Wright,1996\uff09\u3002\u5982\u679c\u7efc\u5408\u591a\u9879\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u8bc1\u660e\u786e\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u5176\u4ed6\u5b9e\u8d28\u6027\u7684\u6b21\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u57fa\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u786e\u8ba4\u5230\u5e95\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u5fc5\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u591a\u7ef4\u5206\u6790\uff08Linacre,2009\uff09\u3002\u5f88\u591a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u590d\u6742\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u9488\u5bf9\u6027\u5206\u6790\u8981\u6bd4\u7efc\u5408\u6027\u7814\u7a76\u66f4\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n

\u603b\u7684\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u5728\u591a\u7ef4\u6027\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\uff0cMIRT\u662f\u4ece\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u5173\u6ce8\u7ef4\u5ea6\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u91cd\u89c6\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0e\u7ef4\u5ea6\u3001\u7ef4\u5ea6\u4e0e\u88ab\u6d4b\u7fa4\u4f53\u95f4\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u5bf9\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u800cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u5904\u7406\u591a\u7ef4\u6570\u636e\u65f6\u53e6\u8f9f\u8e4a\u5f84\uff1a\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u5173\u6ce8\u7531\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u878d\u5408\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4e3b\u5bfc\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u529b\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e5f\u91cd\u89c6\u5206\u6790\u504f\u5dee\u6027\u6307\u6807\u662f\u5426\u9884\u793a\u7740\u6b21\u7ea7\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5f3a\u8c03\u6bcf\u6b21\u6d4b\u91cf\uff08measurement\uff09\u90fd\u53ea\u9488\u5bf9\u4e00\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\u6216\u7279\u5f81\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u5254\u9664\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5355\u7ef4\u9879\u76ee\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u539f\u6709\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5355\u7ef4\u6027\uff0c\u5176\u76ee\u7684\u5728\u4e8e\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\uff08Bond & Fox\uff0c2015\uff09\u3002Smith\uff081996\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5f53\u7ef4\u5ea6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u9ad8\u76f8\u5173\u6216\u4ec5\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u5bfc\u56e0\u5b50\u65f6\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff1b\u82e5\u9879\u76ee\u95f4\u65e0\u76f8\u5173\u6216\u662f\u4f4e\u76f8\u5173\uff0cMIRT\u6a21\u578b\u5219\u662f\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002Wright\uff081997\uff09\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u91cf\u8868\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e0d\u540c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u95f4\u5b58\u5728\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u7ed3\u679c\u5f88\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7531\u4e8e\u8d1f\u76f8\u5173\u7ef4\u5ea6\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u635f\u8017\u5bfc\u81f4\u504f\u5dee\u3002\u6b64\u65f6\uff0c\u5e94\u8be5\u5c06\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5355\u7ef4\u62c6\u5206\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u4f7f\u7528Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u5404\u4e2a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u5355\u72ec\u5206\u6790\u3002\u4ece\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u5f53\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u662f\u63a2\u8ba8\u6574\u4e2a\u6d4b\u8bd5\u7684\u7efc\u5408\u8868\u73b0\u548c\u4e0d\u540c\u7ef4\u5ea6\u53d8\u91cf\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u65f6\uff0cMIRT\u6a21\u578b\u66f4\u52a0\u9002\u5408\uff1b\u4f46\u82e5\u8981\u8fdb\u884c\u5355\u9879\u5206\u6790\u6216\u62a5\u544a\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5206\u6790\u7ed3\u679c\u5c06\u66f4\u5177\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\u548c\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n

4 Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u542f\u793a<\/h4>\n

\u6beb\u65e0\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u591a\u53c2\u6570\u591a\u7ef4\u5ea6\u7684IRT\u6a21\u578b\u6709\u5176\u66f4\u9002\u7528\u7684\u60c5\u5f62\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f46\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u6240\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u66f4\u52a0\u503c\u5f97\u73cd\u89c6\u3002\u51e0\u5343\u5e74\u524d\uff0c\u9053\u5bb6\u5b66\u6d3e\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u8001\u5b50\u5c31\u63d0\u51fa\u201c\u5927\u9053\u81f3\u7b80\u201d\u3002\u5728\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u6240\u5e26\u6765\u7684\u6536\u76ca\u968f\u5904\u53ef\u89c1\uff08\u5434\u519b,2014;Aigner&Ziegler,2010\uff09\uff0c\u800cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u6b63\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u6570\u5b66\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u4e4b\u7f8e\u3002\u4ec5\u6709\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u7684Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8131\u79bb\u4e86\u6837\u672c\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u76f8\u5bf9\u79f0\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0b\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u7531\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u6784\u6210\u7684\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6570\u636e\u77e9\u9635\uff08nominal data or ordinal data matrix\uff09\u8f6c\u5316\u6210\u4e24\u5217\u53cd\u6620\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u79f0\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u7b49\u8ddd\u6570\u636e\uff08interval data\uff09\u3002Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u6027\u4f7f\u5f97\u5b83\u5728\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u6709\u4e24\u5927\u4f18\u52bf\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u662f\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5177\u6709\u7b49\u8ddd\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5373\u57fa\u4e8e\u4f4e\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff08nominal or ordinal data\uff09\u6784\u5efa\u66f4\u9ad8\u7b49\u7ea7\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u6d4b\u91cf\uff08linear measurement\uff09\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u91cf\uff0c\u4f7f\u6d4b\u91cf\u66f4\u5177\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u5ba2\u89c2\u6027\uff08Bond & Fox,2015; Fischer & Molenaar,2012\uff09\u3002\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u4eba\uff08persons\uff09\u4e0e\u9879\u76ee\uff08items\uff09\u7f6e\u4e8e\u540c\u7b49\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff1b\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u6216\u68c0\u9a8c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u5de5\u5177\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8bc4\u4f30\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u88ab\u6d4b\u76ee\u6807\u4e0e\u6d4b\u91cf\u5de5\u5177\u95f4\u7684\u9002\u914d\u6027\uff08Lunz,2010\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u201c\u7b80\u5355\u201d\u6027\u8d28\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u53c2\u6570\u4f30\u8ba1\u6216\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u6362\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u66f4\u5c11\u53d7\u5230\u989d\u5916\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u8fd9\u5bf9\u63d0\u5347\u6d4b\u91cf\u7684\u4fe1\u6548\u5ea6\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fc7\u53bb\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u5f3a\u8c03\u7406\u8bba\u9a71\u52a8\uff08theory driving\uff09\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u800c\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\uff08data driving\uff09\u5219\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6709\u4e89\u8bae\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u5b83\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u9884\u793a\u7740\u7814\u7a76\u524d\u671f\u4e0d\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7efc\u8ff0\u6216\u4e0d\u4e25\u8c28\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8bbe\u8ba1\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u6280\u672f\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6570\u636e\u91cf\u7684\u6fc0\u589e\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u4e5f\u88ab\u89c6\u4e3a\u4e86\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\uff08Provost&Fawcett,2013;Mazzocchi,2015\uff09\u3002\u4f46\u7b14\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u6570\u636e\u9a71\u52a8\u662f\u76f8\u5f53\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002\u5982\u679c\u524d\u671f\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e25\u8c28\u800c\u5168\u9762\u7684\u8c03\u7814\u6216\u601d\u8003\uff0c\u5728\u5e9e\u5927\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u524d\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u662f\u968f\u6ce2\u9010\u6d41\uff0c\u8981\u4e48\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u5ffd\u89c6\u5728\u773c\u524d\u88ab\u51b2\u8d70\u7684\u94bb\u77f3\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u73b0\u5728\u5c42\u51fa\u4e0d\u7a77\u7684IRT\u6a21\u578b\uff0cRasch\u6a21\u578b\u4fe8\u7136\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u8001\u4eba\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u201c\u7406\u8bba\u9a71\u52a8\u7814\u7a76\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6570\u636e\u7b26\u5408\u6a21\u578b\u201d\u7684\u7406\u5ff5\u5374\u4f9d\u65e7\u5386\u4e45\u5f25\u65b0\u3002\u62d3\u5e7f\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u5ff5\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e00\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7814\u7a76\u524d\u671f\u4f9d\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u8fdb\u884c\u624e\u5b9e\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7efc\u8ff0\uff0c\u518d\u901a\u8fc7\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e14\u5b8c\u5584\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u7efc\u8ff0\u4f18\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u66f4\u52a0\u660e\u786e\uff0c\u66f4\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u884c\u6027\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u5e94\u8be5\u5145\u5206\u4e86\u89e3\u6240\u91c7\u7528\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u7406\u548c\u9002\u7528\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u5e76\u6839\u636e\u7814\u7a76\u76ee\u7684\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5408\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u6536\u96c6\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8003\u8651\u5230\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7406\u7279\u8d28\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u8c61\u7684\u591a\u5143\u6027\uff0c\u4efb\u4f55\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u90fd\u662f\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\u548c\u6982\u7387\u5316\u7684\u3002Reckase\uff082009\uff09\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0cMIRT\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5b83\u53ea\u80fd\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u53c2\u6570\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u53c2\u6570\u7ed9\u51fa\u8fd1\u4f3c\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u3002Rasch\u6a21\u578b\u540c\u6837\u4e5f\u662f\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u4e00\u7c7b\u201c\u5b8c\u7f8e\u201d\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u7406\u5ff5\u3002\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u4f9d\u636e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u548c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u9002\u5408\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u6b63\u5982Amrhein\u7b49\uff082019\uff09\u547c\u5401\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u4f9d\u636e\u67d0\u4e2aP\u503c\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u5b8c\u5168\u4e24\u5206\u5316\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u65b9\u6cd5\u7684\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u5982\u4f55\u57fa\u4e8e\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u60c5\u5f62\u6b63\u786e\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u8fdb\u884c\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8003\u8651\u5230\u771f\u5b9e\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\u548c\u5076\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u91c7\u7528\u591a\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u5bf9\u7ed3\u679c\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u548c\u4ea4\u53c9\u9a8c\u8bc1(Cross-validation)\u4e5f\u5341\u5206\u5fc5\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u4ee5John Michael Linacre\u7684\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u672c\u6587\u7684\u7ed3\u5c3e\uff0c\u4ed6\u8bf4\uff1a\u201cRasch\u6d4b\u91cf\u671f\u671b\u80fd\u5982\u540c\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u628a\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u7ef4\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u5206\u89e3\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e00\u7ef4\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u5e76\u5b9e\u73b0\u7269\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u5df2\u7ecf\u8bc1\u660e\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u675c\u6587\u4e45, \u5468\u5a1f, \u674e\u6d2a\u6ce2. (2013). \u4e8c\u53c2\u6570\u903b\u8f91\u65af\u8482\u6a21\u578b\u9879\u76ee\u53c2\u6570\u7684\u4f30\u8ba1\u7cbe\u5ea6. \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u62a5<\/em>, 45(10), <\/em>1179\u20131186.<\/p>\n

\u9ad8\u4e00\u73e0, \u9648\u5b5a, \u8f9b\u6d9b, \u8a79\u6c9b\u8fbe, \u59dc\u5b87. (2017). \u5fc3\u7406\u6d4b\u91cf\u5b66\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u8fdb\u9636\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528: \u7406\u8bba\u3001\u9014\u5f84\u548c\u7a81\u7834. \u5fc3\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55<\/em>, 25(9), <\/em>1623\u20131630.<\/p>\n

\u5eb7\u6625\u82b1, \u8f9b\u6d9b. (2010). \u6d4b\u9a8c\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u65b0\u53d1\u5c55: \u591a\u7ef4\u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba. \u5fc3\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55<\/em>, 18(3),<\/em> 530\u2013536.<\/p>\n

\u7f57\u7167\u76db. (2012). \u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840<\/em>. \u5317\u4eac: \u5317\u4eac\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/p>\n

\u6bdb\u79c0\u73cd, \u8f9b\u6d9b. (2015). \u591a\u7ef4\u8ba1\u7b97\u673a\u5316\u81ea\u9002\u5e94\u6d4b\u9a8c: \u6a21\u578b\u3001\u6280\u672f\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5. \u5fc3\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55<\/em>, 23(5), <\/em>907\u2013918.<\/p>\n

\u5355\u6615\u5f64, \u8c2d\u8f89\u6654, \u5218\u6c38, \u5434\u65b9\u6587, \u6d82\u51ac\u6ce2. (2014). \u9879\u76ee\u53cd\u5e94\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u6a21\u578b-\u8d44\u6599\u62df\u5408\u68c0\u9a8c\u5e38\u7528\u7edf\u8ba1\u91cf. \u5fc3\u7406\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u5c55<\/em>, 22(8), <\/em>1350\u20131362.<\/p>\n

\u6c6a\u6587\u4e49, \u5b8b\u4e3d\u7ea2, \u4e01\u6811\u826f. (2016). \u590d\u6742\u51b3\u7b56\u89c4\u5219\u4e0bMIRT\u7684\u5206\u7c7b\u51c6\u786e\u6027\u548c\u5206\u7c7b\u4e00\u81f4\u6027. \u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u62a5<\/em>, 48(12), <\/em>1612\u20131624.<\/p>\n

\u738b\u662d, \u90ed\u5e86\u79d1. (2016). \u4e2a\u4eba\u62df\u5408\u6307\u6807\u5728Likert\u578b\u4eba\u683c\u6d4b\u9a8c\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528. \u4e2d\u56fd\u4e34\u5e8a\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6742\u5fd7<\/em>, 24(3), <\/em>470\u2013474.<\/p>\n

\u5434\u519b. (2014). \u6570\u5b66\u4e4b\u7f8e<\/em> (\u7b2c2\u7248). \u5317\u4eac: \u4eba\u6c11\u90ae\u7535\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/p>\n

Adams, R. J., Wilson, M., & Wang, W. C. (1997). The multidimensional random coefficients multinomial Logit model. Applied Psychological Measurement, 21(1),<\/em> 1\u201323.<\/p>\n

Aigner, M., & Ziegler, G. M. (2010). Proofs from the book<\/em> (4th ed.). <\/em>Berlin: Springer.<\/p>\n

Amrhein, V., Greenland, S., & McShane, B. (2019). Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature, 567(7748), <\/em>305\u2013307. <\/em><\/p>\n

Andersen, E. B. (1977). Sufficient statistics and latent trait models. Psychometrika, 42(1), <\/em>69\u201381.<\/p>\n

Andrich, D. (1978). Application of a psychometric rating model to ordered categories which are scored with successive integers. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2(4), <\/em>581\u2013594.<\/p>\n

Andrich, D. (1988). Rasch models for measurement. <\/em>Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.<\/p>\n

Andrich, D. (2004). Controversy and the Rasch model: A characteristic of incompatible paradigms?. Medical Care, 42(1), <\/em>I\u20137.<\/p>\n

Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2018). Factor analysis: Exploratory and confirmatory. <\/em>In G. R. Hancock, L. M. Stapleton, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), The reviewer\u2019s guide to quantitative methods in the social sciences<\/em> (pp. 110\u2013134). New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Barton, M. A., & Lord, F. M. (1981). An upper asymptote for the three-parameter logistic item response model. In Research Bulletin, 81\u201320<\/em>. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.<\/p>\n

Bejar, I. I. (1983). Achievement testing: Recent advances (Vol. 36)<\/em>. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.<\/p>\n

Birnbaum, A. (1968). Some latent trait models and their use in inferring an examinee’s ability. In F. M. Lord & M. R. Novick (Eds.), Statistical theories of mental test scores. <\/em>Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.<\/p>\n

Bond, T. G., & Fox, C. M. (2015). Applying the Rasch model: Fundamental measurement in the human sciences<\/em> (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.<\/p>\n

Chou, Y. T., & Wang, W. C. (2010). Checking dimensionality in item response models with principal component analysis on standardized residuals. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70(5),<\/em> 717\u2013731.<\/p>\n

Christensen, K. B., Makransky, G., & Horton, M. (2017). Critical values for Yen\u2019s Q<\/em>3<\/sub>: Identification of local dependence in the Rasch model using residual correlations. Applied Psychological Measurement, 41(3), <\/em>178\u2013194.<\/p>\n

Downing, S. M. (2003). Item response theory: Applications of modern test theory in medical education. Medical Education, 37(8), <\/em>739\u2013745.<\/p>\n

Fischer, G. H., & Molenaar, I. W. (2012). Rasch models: Foundations, recent developments, and applications<\/em>. New York: Springer.<\/p>\n

Hagell, P. (2014). Testing rating scale unidimensionality using the principal component analysis (PCA)\/t<\/em>-test protocol with the Rasch model: The primacy of theory over statistics. Open Journal of Statistics, 4(6), <\/em>456\u2013465.<\/p>\n

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